AI use, humanoid robots emerge as China’s next growth engine

For years, artificial intelligence (AI) was largely viewed through the lens of technological breakthroughs, algorithmic benchmarks and limited commercial application. But the 2026 Government Work Report, delivered by Chinese Premier Li Qiang to the nation’s legislature last week, has for the first time introduced the goal of creating new forms of smart economy.

To industry insiders and global investors, this significant linguistic shift signals a clear message that AI in China is moving beyond the lab and beyond simple “tool empowerment” to become the foundational architecture for industrial growth and systemic economic development.

This evolution represents a profound opportunity. As the world’s second-largest economy pivots, the emergence of smart economy — encompassing everything from AI-native software to embodied robotics — is poised to become a primary driver of new growth, offering a vast landscape of opportunities for both domestic and multinational corporations, company executives and experts said.

Chen Changsheng, a member of the drafting team for the Government Work Report and deputy director of the Research Office of the State Council, provided the official interpretation of this new terminology. “By proposing to create new forms of smart economy for the first time, we aim to seize the opportunities presented by AI development and expand the breadth and depth of AI empowerment across all industries,” Chen said.

This shift is not merely semantic. It reflects the recognition that AI has the potential to deliver tangible economic output at scale.

Liu Qingfeng, a deputy to the National People’s Congress (NPC) — China’s top legislature — and chairman of iFlytek, a pioneer in intelligent speech and AI technologies, resonated with this strategic direction.

“What impressed me the most is the introduction of new forms of smart economy,” Liu said. “It provides very clear guidance and requirements on how to achieve in-depth, large-scale commercial application of the ‘AI Plus’ initiative, including areas like smart terminals, AI agents, and AI-native applications. I believe this will serve as a significant and positive boost for the next phase of AI development.”

The comments came as the Government Work Report has highlighted the “AI Plus” initiative for the third consecutive year. To Liu, the highlight of new forms of smart economy for the first time is a significant linguistic shift and of great importance.

Echoing the need for practicality, Liu emphasized that AI development must be rooted in real-world demands. “I believe we need to develop AI that is truly rooted in the needs of both production and daily life, namely AI that addresses real demands, brings tangible benefits to the people, and provides concrete help to industrial development. AI should be inclusive, allowing everyone to stand on the shoulders of this technology,” he added.

Among the most tangible manifestations of this smart economy push is the rapid advancement of humanoid robotics. Chinese companies have already unveiled over 300 types of humanoid robot products, accounting for more than half of the world’s total, according to data from the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT).

Lei Jun, an NPC deputy and founder of Xiaomi, framed the industry’s potential in sweeping terms, describing humanoid robots as a potential “disruptive product” following computers, smartphones, and new energy vehicles. He positioned them as a cornerstone of China’s “new quality productive forces,” highlighting their transformative potential for the economy.

According to a forecast by Morgan Stanley, by 2035, China’s annual shipments of humanoid robots could exceed 2.6 million units, with the market surpassing 140 billion yuan ($20.2 billion) and eventually reaching a trillion-yuan scale.

However, Lei was candid about the challenges that lie ahead on the path from laboratory wonder to factory-floor workhorse. While acknowledging that China has built a first-mover advantage in humanoid robotics technology — particularly with advancements in general-purpose AI — he cautioned that the sector faces a critical bottleneck.

The large-scale engineering application of these machines is hindered by challenges including high hardware costs, insufficient process stability, and a shortage of suitable operational positions on factory floors, Lei noted.

“More efforts are needed to expand application scenarios in smart manufacturing to significantly increase the utilization rate of humanoid robots, moving them from experimental phases to large deployment on production lines,” Lei said. His remarks underscored a key policy imperative, namely bridging the gap between technological capability and industrial application.

Qi Xiangdong, a member of the 14th National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) and chairman of cybersecurity firm Qi-Anxin Technology Group, viewed the “smart economy” as a gateway to immense potential. He believed it would unleash enormous demand for application scenarios, fueling a new leap in economic and social development.

The policy rhetoric is firmly grounded in industrial reality. Data from MIIT underscores the accelerating pace of AI integration. In the past year, downloads of Chinese open-source large language models topped global charts. More critically, by the end of 2025, the adoption rate of AI technology among manufacturing enterprises above the designated size had exceeded 30 percent.

Huang Qunhui, a CPPCC National Committee member and former head of the Institute of Economics at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, offered a dual-lens view of this new economic form. He suggested that the smart economy will manifest in two primary ways: First, as the “AI plus” or AI empowerment of traditional industries, and second, as the emergence of “AI-native” business formats — entirely new industries, consumer models, and economic activities that are born from and built upon AI.

Another key detail within the Government Work Report that has captured the attention of the tech community is the inaugural mention of “AI agents”, placed alongside “intelligent terminals”. This distinction is crucial. “Intelligent terminals” refer to the physical carriers of AI, such as embodied intelligent robots, AI-powered smartphones, and intelligent connected vehicles. “AI agents”, conversely, refer to the sophisticated software programs capable of understanding complex tasks and executing them autonomously.

The Government Work Report called for faster application of new-generation intelligent terminals and AI agents, and encouraging large-scale commercial application of AI in key sectors and fields, so as to foster new forms and models of AI-native business. This is widely seen by the industry as the next major frontier for AI application.

Li Lecheng, China’s Minister of Industry and Information Technology, said during the two sessions that China will spare no effort in promoting the research, development, and iterative upgrading of next-generation AI products this year, including brain-computer interface, autonomous vehicles and robots, as part of a broader strategy to integrate AI with the manufacturing sector.

China’s development path for AI is clearly mapped. A pivotal document, the State Council’s “Opinions on deeply implementing the ‘AI Plus’ action”, issued last year, explicitly ties national progress to smart economy. It sets three phased goals. By 2027, the core industries of the smart economy will see rapid growth. By 2030, the smart economy will become a significant growth pole for China’s economy. By 2035, the country will fully enter a new stage of development characterized by a smart economy and smart society.

To achieve this, the government will not only push for large-scale application but will also deepen the openness of AI technologies and advance the construction of new types of infrastructure specifically designed to support AI development, experts said.

Zhou Hongyi, a CPPCC National Committee member and founder of Chinese cybersecurity firm 360 Group, said the implications are vast. “While the nation supports AI technology in empowering all walks of life, it is also improving the planning of the industrial and ecological chains,” Zhou said. He argued that this comprehensive approach presents an opportunity even greater than the internet economy boom.

The smart economy is not an isolated concept. It is intrinsically linked to the broader national strategy of fostering new growth drivers. The 2026 Government Work Report outlines that China will intensify efforts to cultivate emerging and future industries.

The report noted that China has continued to pursue innovation-driven development, with research and development spending reaching 2.8 percent of GDP in 2025. The output of core industries in the digital economy has risen to account for more than 10.5 percent of GDP.

“We should stay focused on the real economy, develop new quality productive forces in light of local conditions and modernize the industrial system,” the Government Work Report added.

To this end, China will continue to develop strategic emerging industries such as integrated circuits, aerospace, biomedicine, and the low-altitude economy. Simultaneously, it will advance future industries including green energy, quantum technology, embodied intelligence, brain-computer interfaces, and 6G.

Zhu Keli, founding director of the China Institute of New Economy, said that this year’s Government Work Report explicitly listed five key directions for future industries. “This not only provides market players with a clear roadmap for investment, but also helps avoid fragmented resource allocation and redundant construction, ensuring that innovation resources are concentrated in areas of genuine strategic value,” Zhu said.

To support these high-risk, high-reward sectors, the government will implement industrial innovation initiatives, encourage central State-owned enterprises to open up application scenarios, and — crucially — establish mechanisms to increase funding and share risks.

“By creating mechanisms for risk-sharing and benefit-sharing, (the government) can effectively guide social capital to invest with greater confidence, willingness and long-term commitment,” Zhu said, highlighting how this can ease funding bottlenecks for cutting-edge technology development.

Nancy Wang, country manager at LinkedIn China, said that “China’s role in LinkedIn’s global strategy has never been more strategically significant. The 19.1 percent increase in newly established foreign-invested enterprises (in China) in 2025 reflects a business environment that continues to attract global confidence.”

“For LinkedIn, China functions simultaneously as a critical market, an innovation reference point, and increasingly, a launchpad. We observe that Chinese enterprises’ outbound recruitment demand on our platform has grown over 30 percent year-on-year, spanning high-value sectors including smart hardware, industrial robotics, healthcare and new energy,” Wang said.

According to her, as global supply chains reconfigure, companies that maintain deep roots in China gain not only market access, but also the insight needed to navigate an increasingly complex world.

With policy tailwinds, technological breakthroughs, and expanding application scenarios, the smart economy is rapidly positioning itself as a cornerstone of China’s future growth — a dynamic and opportunity-rich landscape for innovators and enterprises ready to engage with the world’s most expansive AI market, experts added.

Contact the writers at masi@chinadaily.com.cn